Harrisburg Railways Company: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
|||
(14 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
| '''Area Served''' || Harrisburg and "East Shore" area of Harrisburg, PA. | | '''Area Served''' || Harrisburg and "East Shore" area of Harrisburg, PA. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Operated''' || 1895-1939 (streetcar service)<br> | | '''Operated''' || 1895-1939 (streetcar service)<br>1933-1973 (bus service) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Succeeded by''' || [[Capital Area Transit (Pennsylvania)|Capital Area Transit]] | | '''Succeeded by''' || [[Capital Area Transit (Pennsylvania)|Capital Area Transit]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
The '''Harrisburg Railways Company''' | The '''Harrisburg Railways Company''' is a former public transit provider to the ''East Shore'' area of Harrisburg, PA. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
* '''1875''': [[Harrisburg and Middletown Omnibus Company]] was organized to connect Middletown with the trolley service. | * '''1875''': [[Harrisburg and Middletown Omnibus Company]] was organized to connect Middletown with the trolley service. | ||
* '''1888''': First test run of an electric trolley by the [[East Harrisburg Passenger Railway]]. | * '''1888''': First test run of an electric trolley by the [[East Harrisburg Passenger Railway]]. | ||
* '''1895''': [[Harrisburg Traction Company]] formed by a merger of [[Harrisburg City Railway]] and [[Citizens | * '''1895''': [[Harrisburg Traction Company]] formed by a merger of [[Harrisburg City Railway]] and [[Citizens Railway (Harrisburg)|Citizens Railway]]. | ||
* '''1913''': [[Harrisburg Traction Company]] formed Harrisburg Railways Company. | * '''1913''': [[Harrisburg Traction Company]] formed Harrisburg Railways Company. | ||
* '''1933''': Ten buses purchased to convert three streetcar lines to bus service. | * '''1933''': Ten buses purchased to convert three streetcar lines to bus service. | ||
* '''1936''': Fleet numbers 421 ''(Conodoquinet)'' and 425 ''(Mahantango)'' purchased new. These two coaches were cut down after receipt, creating open-air coaches, used in parades, and some limited special charter work. The names come from two Native American tribes, that were based along the Susquehanna River. | * '''1936''': Fleet numbers 421 ''(Conodoquinet)'' and 425 ''(Mahantango)'' purchased new. These two coaches were cut down after receipt, creating open-air coaches, used in parades, and some limited special charter work. The names come from two Native American tribes, that were based along the Susquehanna River. | ||
* '''1937''': Harrisburg Traction Company changes name to Harrisburg Railways Company. | * '''1937''': Harrisburg Traction Company changes name to Harrisburg Railways Company. | ||
* '''1939''': The last Harrisburg Railways | * '''1939''': The last Harrisburg Railways trolley was operated on July 16, 1939 on the Middletown line some 74 years after the introduction of horse drawn trolley service and 66 years after the introduction of electric powered trolley service in Harrisburg.<ref>[http://www.cattransit.com/about-cat/history-of-transit-in-the-harrisburg-area/ History of Transit in the Harrisburg Area]</ref> A fleet of 135 buses were now available to serve Harrisburg and "East Shore" Communities. | ||
* '''1953''': Harrisburg Railways Company creates subsidiary [[Keystone Charter Service]] to offer charter services to customers. | * '''1953''': Harrisburg Railways Company creates subsidiary [[Keystone Charter Service]] to offer charter services to customers. | ||
* '''1955''' Harrisburg Railways Company becomes a subsidiary of [[American Transportation Enterprises]], a management firm based in Cincinnati, OH. | * '''1955''' Harrisburg Railways Company becomes a subsidiary of [[American Transportation Enterprises]], a management firm based in Cincinnati, OH. | ||
Line 174: | Line 174: | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Open car. | |align="left"|Open car. | ||
|- align="center" | |||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 161-170|161-170]] | |||
| | |||
|1894-1895 | |||
| | |||
|Open (9-16 bench) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|align="left"|Ex-[[Citizens Railway (Harrisburg)]] 17-26. | |||
|- align="center" | |||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 200-213|200-213]] | |||
| | |||
|1892-1893 | |||
|[[Lamoken Car Works|Lamoken]] | |||
|Closed (18 ft) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|align="left"|Ex-[[Citizens Railway (Harrisburg)]] 1-14. | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 250-254|250-254]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 250-254|250-254]] | ||
Line 182: | Line 200: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Order number 15708. | |align="left"|Order number 15708 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
* Car number 251 involved with a splice of two one truck cars into one (350). | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 255-259|255-259]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 255-259|255-259]] | ||
Line 191: | Line 210: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Order number 16692. | |align="left"|Order number 16692 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
* Car number 256 involved with a splice to two one truck cars into one (351). | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 307|307]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 307|307]] | ||
Line 198: | Line 218: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|align="left"| | |||
|- align="center" | |||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 350|350]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|align="left"|Splice of two cars (one is car 251) into one. | |||
|- align="center" | |||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 351|351]] | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|align="left"|Splice of two cars (one is car 256) into one. | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 400-404|400-404]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 400-404|400-404]] | ||
Line 209: | Line 247: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Order number 14646 | |align="left"|Order number 14646 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 450-454|450-454]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 450-454|450-454]] | ||
Line 219: | Line 256: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Order number 14971 | |align="left"|Order number 14971 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 500-504|500-504]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 500-504|500-504]] | ||
Line 229: | Line 265: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Order number 15475 | |align="left"|Order number 15475 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 505-507|505-507]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 505-507|505-507]] | ||
Line 239: | Line 274: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Order number 16690 | |align="left"|Order number 16690 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 508-509|508-509]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 508-509|508-509]] | ||
Line 249: | Line 283: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left"|Order number 17609 | |align="left"|Order number 17609 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 600-605|600-605]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 600-605|600-605]] | ||
Line 259: | Line 292: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 39E | |BR 39E | ||
|align="left"|Order number 17611 | |align="left"|Order number 17611 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 606-611|606-611]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 606-611|606-611]] | ||
Line 269: | Line 301: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 39E | |BR 39E | ||
|align="left"|Order number 17931 | |align="left"|Order number 17931 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 612-617|612-617]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 612-617|612-617]] | ||
Line 279: | Line 310: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 39E | |BR 39E | ||
|align="left"|Order number 18091 | |align="left"|Order number 18091 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 618-623|618-623]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 618-623|618-623]] | ||
Line 289: | Line 319: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 39E | |BR 39E | ||
|align="left"|Order number 19467. | |align="left"|Order number 19467 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 624-626|624-626]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 624-626|624-626]] | ||
Line 298: | Line 328: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 39E | |BR 39E | ||
|align="left"|Order number 19898. | |align="left"|Order number 19898 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 627-631|627-631]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 627-631|627-631]] | ||
Line 307: | Line 337: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 39E | |BR 39E | ||
|align="left"|Order number 20158. | |align="left"|Order number 20158 for [[Central Pennsylvania Traction Company]]. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 700-706|700-706]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 700-706|700-706]] | ||
Line 316: | Line 346: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 27MCB1 | |BR 27MCB1 | ||
|align="left"|Order number 19018. | |align="left"|Order number 19018 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 707-710|707-710]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 707-710|707-710]] | ||
Line 325: | Line 355: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 27MCB1 | |BR 27MCB1 | ||
|align="left"|Order number 19465. | |align="left"|Order number 19465 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
* 710 is transferred to the [[Rockhill Trolley Musuem]] in Rockhill Furnace, PA. | * 710 is transferred to the [[Rockhill Trolley Musuem]] in Rockhill Furnace, PA. | ||
* 710's livery is cream with yellow/gold. | * 710's livery is cream with yellow/gold. | ||
Line 336: | Line 366: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 27MCB1 | |BR 27MCB1 | ||
|align="left"|Order number 19899. | |align="left"|Order number 19899 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 802-806|802-806]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 802-806|802-806]] | ||
Line 345: | Line 375: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 27MCB1 | |BR 27MCB1 | ||
|align="left"|Order number 20159. | |align="left"|Order number 20159 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 807-811|807-811]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 807-811|807-811]] | ||
Line 354: | Line 384: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 27MCB1 | |BR 27MCB1 | ||
|align="left"|Order number 20434. | |align="left"|Order number 20434 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 812-816|812-816]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 812-816|812-816]] | ||
Line 363: | Line 393: | ||
| | | | ||
|BR 27MCB1 | |BR 27MCB1 | ||
|align="left"|Order number 20814. | |align="left"|Order number 20814 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
* 815 made the last run of trolley service on July 16, 1939. | * 815 made the last run of trolley service on July 16, 1939. | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 390: | Line 420: | ||
| | | | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
| | | | ||
| | [[Harrisburg Railways Company 421|421<br>''Condoquinet'']] | ||
---- | |||
[[Harrisburg Railways Company 425|425<br>''Mahantango'']] | |||
| | | | ||
|1936 | |1936 | ||
|[[American Car and Foundry|ACF]] | |||
|[[American Car and Foundry H-15-S|H-15-S]] | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|align="left" |Originally delivered according to standard model, however, later converted to an open air coach used on sightseeing excursions or parade use. | |||
|align="left" | | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 501-505|501-505]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 501-505|501-505]] | ||
Line 433: | Line 457: | ||
|[[Hall Scott]]<br>Gasoline | |[[Hall Scott]]<br>Gasoline | ||
| | | | ||
| | |align="left"| | ||
* Received in 1956. | |||
* 802, 804-807, 821-827 to [[Philadelphia Suburban Transportation Company]] 335, ?330-334?, 341, ?337-340?, 336. | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
|[[Harrisburg Railways Company 951|951]] | |[[Harrisburg Railways Company 951|951]] | ||
Line 541: | Line 567: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Defunct Pennsylvania transit agencies]] | [[Category:Defunct Pennsylvania transit agencies]] |
Latest revision as of 12:31, 15 November 2023
| |
Operating Name(s) | Harrisburg Traction Company (1895-1903) Central Pennsylvania Traction Co. (1903-1912) Harrisburg Railways Co. (1912-1955) Harrisburg Railways Co. (ATE) (1955-1973) |
Area Served | Harrisburg and "East Shore" area of Harrisburg, PA. |
Operated | 1895-1939 (streetcar service) 1933-1973 (bus service) |
Succeeded by | Capital Area Transit |
The Harrisburg Railways Company is a former public transit provider to the East Shore area of Harrisburg, PA.
History
In 1913, the Harrisburg Traction Company created a subsidiary named Harrisburg Railways Company. By the 1950's American Transportation Enterprises acquired the company. Under ATE in 1953, another subsidiary, Keystone Charter Service began operating charter services, and that subsidiary grew its reach further in 1962, by acquiring Bushey Bus Service and merging it with Keystone Charter Service.
Harrisburg Railways Company grew further, by acquiring the assets of the Valley Transportation Company, after it abandoned bus service to the "West Shore" of Harrisburg in 1970.
After the Harrisburg Railways Company claimed bankruptcy and becoming insolvent, the City of Harrisburg, and counties of Cumberland and Dauphin created the Cumberland-Dauphin Transportation Authority, and service was surrendered to its subsidiary Capital Area Transit in 1973.
Timeline of major events
This section is incomplete. You can help!
- 1865: The first known public transportation line began with a horse-drawn trolley.
- 1873: Harrisburg City Passenger Railway purchases the previous line operation between Harrisburg and McClay Street, and begins service.
- 1875: Harrisburg and Middletown Omnibus Company was organized to connect Middletown with the trolley service.
- 1888: First test run of an electric trolley by the East Harrisburg Passenger Railway.
- 1895: Harrisburg Traction Company formed by a merger of Harrisburg City Railway and Citizens Railway.
- 1913: Harrisburg Traction Company formed Harrisburg Railways Company.
- 1933: Ten buses purchased to convert three streetcar lines to bus service.
- 1936: Fleet numbers 421 (Conodoquinet) and 425 (Mahantango) purchased new. These two coaches were cut down after receipt, creating open-air coaches, used in parades, and some limited special charter work. The names come from two Native American tribes, that were based along the Susquehanna River.
- 1937: Harrisburg Traction Company changes name to Harrisburg Railways Company.
- 1939: The last Harrisburg Railways trolley was operated on July 16, 1939 on the Middletown line some 74 years after the introduction of horse drawn trolley service and 66 years after the introduction of electric powered trolley service in Harrisburg.[1] A fleet of 135 buses were now available to serve Harrisburg and "East Shore" Communities.
- 1953: Harrisburg Railways Company creates subsidiary Keystone Charter Service to offer charter services to customers.
- 1955 Harrisburg Railways Company becomes a subsidiary of American Transportation Enterprises, a management firm based in Cincinnati, OH.
- 1962: Harrisburg Railways Company acquires assets of Bushey Bus Service, extending charter services to places previously not offered.
- 1970: Valley Transportation Company abandons "West Shore" service, Harrisburg Railways Company takes over to continue offering the service.
- 1973: Harrisburg Railways Company transfers assets to Capital Area Transit.
Routes
This section is incomplete, you can help!
The Harrisburg Railways Company operated 136 trolley cars on slightly less than 75 miles of track. Cars serviced the city of Harrisburg, in addition to suburban communities of Oberlin, Middletown, Linglestown, Rockville and Hummelstown.
Primary line corridors
- Downtown Loop services
- 2nd Street lines; lines 2, A
- 3rd Street lines; line 3
- Capital Street lines; line C
- 6th Street lines; lines 4, 6, RV, 5, WP
- Cameron Street lines; 10, 11
- Herr Street lines; 18
- State and Market Street lines; 20, L, P
- Allison Hill lines; 8, 9, 23, D, H, R
- Middletown lines; 7, 8, BC, BS, EF, HS, M, S
- Oberlin/Steelton via 19th Street lines; 19, B, O
- Kerr and Vine Street lines; 9, 18, V
Route numbers and names
- 2 - Second Street-Reservoir
- 3 - Third Street
- 5 - Rockville-Oberlin
- 6 - Sixth Street
- 7 - Hummelstown-Middletown
- 8 - Paxtang-Steelton
- 9 - 23rd Street-Race-Vine
- 10 - Cameron Street
- 11 - Fairgrounds
- 18 - Herr Street-Penbrook-Linglestown
Connecting carriers
- Valley Railways, downtown Harrisburg
Roster
Streetcar roster
This section is incomplete. You can help!
Fleet Number(s) | Thumbnail | Year | Manufacturer | Model | Motors | Trucks | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
35 | 1891 | Brill | |||||
58-61 | 1901 | Jackson and Sharp | Closed | Serial numbers 2132-2135.
| |||
62-65 | 1902 | Jackson and Sharp | Closed car | Serial numbers 2261-2264.
| |||
66-69 | 1903 | Jackson and Sharp | Closed car | Serial numbers 2409-2412.
| |||
94-95 | 1903 | Jackson and Sharp | Half-side | Serial numbers 2413-2414.
| |||
116-119 | 1901 | Jackson and Sharp | 15 bench | Serial numbers 2185-2188.
| |||
150 | 1889? | Brill | Open car. | ||||
152 | 1890? | Brill | Open car. | ||||
161-170 | 1894-1895 | Open (9-16 bench) | Ex-Citizens Railway (Harrisburg) 17-26. | ||||
200-213 | 1892-1893 | Lamoken | Closed (18 ft) | Ex-Citizens Railway (Harrisburg) 1-14. | |||
250-254 | 1906 | Brill | Closed 20' |
Order number 15708 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company.
| |||
255-259 | 1909 | Brill | Closed 20' |
Order number 16692 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company.
| |||
307 | |||||||
350 | Splice of two cars (one is car 251) into one. | ||||||
351 | Splice of two cars (one is car 256) into one. | ||||||
400-404 | 1905 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | Order number 14646 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | |||
450-454 | 1906 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | Order number 14971 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | |||
500-504 | 1906 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 30'8" |
Order number 15475 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | |||
505-507 | 1909 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 30'8" |
Order number 16690 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | |||
508-509 | 1911 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 30'8" |
Order number 17609 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | |||
600-605 | 1911 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 25' |
BR 39E | Order number 17611 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | ||
606-611 | 1911 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 25' |
BR 39E | Order number 17931 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | ||
612-617 | 1911 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 25' |
BR 39E | Order number 18091 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | ||
618-623 | 1914 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 25' |
BR 39E | Order number 19467 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | ||
624-626 | 1916 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 25' |
BR 39E | Order number 19898 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | ||
627-631 | 1918 | Brill | Semi-Conv. 25' |
BR 39E | Order number 20158 for Central Pennsylvania Traction Company. | ||
700-706 | 1913 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | BR 27MCB1 | Order number 19018 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
707-710 | 1914 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | BR 27MCB1 | Order number 19465 for Harrisburg Railways.
| ||
800-801 | 1916 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | BR 27MCB1 | Order number 19899 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
802-806 | 1916 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | BR 27MCB1 | Order number 20159 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
807-811 | 1917 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | BR 27MCB1 | Order number 20434 for Harrisburg Railways. | ||
812-816 | 1919 | Brill | Semi-Conv. | BR 27MCB1 | Order number 20814 for Harrisburg Railways.
|
Bus roster
This section is incomplete. You can help!
Fleet Number(s) | Thumbnail | Year | Manufacturer | Model | Engine | Transmission | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
200-217 | 1937 | ACF | 26-S | Hall Scott Gasoline |
|||
|
1936 | ACF | H-15-S | Originally delivered according to standard model, however, later converted to an open air coach used on sightseeing excursions or parade use. | |||
501-505 | 1960 | GMC | TDH-4517 | Detroit Diesel 6V71N | Allison VH | Assumed to Cincinnati, Newport and Covington Transportation Company, 706-710. | |
601-615 | 1961 | GMC | TDH-4517 | Detroit Diesel 6V71N | Allison VH | 606-610 to Virginia Transit Company 221-225 (2) in 1964. | |
801-840 | 1947 | ACF | C-36 | Hall Scott Gasoline |
| ||
951 | 1954 | Flxible/Twin Coach |
| ||||
1001-1005 | Twin Coach | 38-SP | Propane | Unknown year | |||
1006-1010 | Twin Coach | 38-S | Unknown year | ||||
1041-1058 | 1947 | Twin Coach | 41-S |
| |||
1101-1118 | White | [2] | |||||
1201-1210 | 1950 | GMC | TDH-3612 | Detroit Diesel 4-71 | Allison VH | ||
1251-1265 | 1953 | GMC | TDH-4512 | 1257 is preserved by the Cincinnati Transit Historical Association. | |||
1266-1280 | 1953 | GMC | TDH-4512 | ||||
1281-1285 | 1958 | GMC | TDH-4512 | ||||
4112-4113 | 1959 | GMC | PD-4104 |
Further reading
- “Street Railways of Harrisburg” by Richard H. Steinmetz and Harold E. Cox
- “Valley Railways” by C.L. Siebert, Jr. and Richard H. Steinmetz.
- “Trolleys of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country” by John D. Denney, Jr.
- “This Was Harrisburg” by Richard H Steinmetz, Sr. and Robert D. Hoffsommer
- “Images of America – Harrisburg” by Linda A. Ries